Two popular injection strategies for gasoline vehicles include gasoline direct-injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI). More recently, light-duty vehicle engine manufactures have combined these two technologies to take advantage of the knock benefits and fuel economy of GDI with the low particulate emission of PFI. The combination of two fuel injection strategies has an impact on the combustion emission composition. Both regulated emissions, hydrocarbon speciation, and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) were measured in a 2018 Toyota Camry with a 2.5L engine.
