The adverse effects of indoor air pollution on human respiratory health are well documented, but little is known about the influence on indoor air pollution levels of reduced building ventilation rates that are dictated by energy conservation directives. In this project, an assessment of indoor air pollution concentrations in retrofitted energy efficient will be carried out and an investigation will be made of how it is influenced by ventilation systems. Using real-time sensors, Particulate Matter (PM2.5) will be sampled for 24 hours in two rooms in each of 60 dwellings recruited before and after the dwellings are retrofitted to the designated energy efficient standard. The air exchange rate of the ventilation system as well as the type of ventilation system will be taken into account.